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.Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure ( HTTPS) is an extension of the (HTTP). It is used for over a, and is widely used on the Internet. In HTTPS, the is encrypted using (TLS), or, formerly, its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). The protocol is therefore also often referred to as HTTP over TLS, or HTTP over SSL.The principal motivation for HTTPS is of the accessed and protection of the and of the exchanged data while in transit. It protects against. The bidirectional of communications between a client and server protects against and of the communication. In practice, this provides a reasonable assurance that one is communicating without interference by attackers with the website that one intended to communicate with, as opposed to an impostor.Historically, HTTPS connections were primarily used for payment transactions on the, e-mail and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems.
Since 2018, HTTPS is used more often by web users than the original non-secure HTTP, primarily to protect page authenticity on all types of websites; secure accounts; and keep user communications, identity, and web browsing private. Beginning with the HTTPS scheme and the domain name labelThe (URI) scheme HTTPS has identical usage syntax to the HTTP scheme. However, HTTPS signals the browser to use an added encryption layer of SSL/TLS to protect the traffic. SSL/TLS is especially suited for HTTP, since it can provide some protection even if only one side of the communication is.
This is the case with HTTP transactions over the Internet, where typically only the is authenticated (by the client examining the server's ).HTTPS creates a secure channel over an insecure network. This ensures reasonable protection from and, provided that adequate are used and that the server certificate is verified and trusted.Because HTTPS piggybacks HTTP entirely on top of TLS, the entirety of the underlying HTTP protocol can be encrypted. This includes the request URL (which particular web page was requested), query parameters, headers, and cookies (which often contain identity information about the user). However, because host (website) addresses and numbers are necessarily part of the underlying protocols, HTTPS cannot protect their disclosure. In practice this means that even on a correctly configured web server, eavesdroppers can infer the IP address and port number of the web server (sometimes even the domain name e.g.
Www.example.org, but not the rest of the URL) that one is communicating with, as well as the amount (data transferred) and duration (length of session) of the communication, though not the content of the communication.Web browsers know how to trust HTTPS websites based on that come pre-installed in their software. Certificate authorities (such as, and ) are in this way being trusted by web browser creators to provide valid certificates. Main article:The security of HTTPS is that of the underlying TLS, which typically uses long-term and private keys to generate a short-term, which is then used to encrypt the data flow between client and server. Certificates are used to authenticate the server (and sometimes the client as well). As a consequence, and are necessary to verify the relation between the certificate and its owner, as well as to generate, sign, and administer the validity of certificates. While this can be more beneficial than verifying the identities via a, the drew attention to certificate authorities as a potential weak point allowing.
An important property in this context is, which ensures that encrypted communications recorded in the past cannot be retrieved and decrypted should long-term secret keys or passwords be compromised in the future. Not all web servers provide forward secrecy.
A site must be completely hosted over HTTPS, without having part of its contents loaded over HTTP—for example, having scripts loaded insecurely—or the user will be vulnerable to some attacks and surveillance. Also having only a certain page that contains sensitive information (such as a log-in page) of a website loaded over HTTPS, while having the rest of the website loaded over plain HTTP, will expose the user to attacks. On a site that has sensitive information somewhere on it, every time that site is accessed with HTTP instead of HTTPS, the user and the session will get exposed. Similarly, on a site served through HTTPS have to have the enabled.
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Technical Difference from HTTP HTTPS begin with 'and use 443 by default, whereas URLs begin with 'and use port 80 by default.HTTP is not encrypted and is vulnerable to and, which can let attackers gain access to website accounts and sensitive information, and modify webpages to inject or advertisements. HTTPS is designed to withstand such attacks and is considered secure against them (with the exception of older, deprecated versions of SSL).Network layers HTTP operates at the highest layer of the, the; as does the TLS security protocol (operating as a lower sublayer of the same layer), which encrypts an HTTP message prior to transmission and decrypts a message upon arrival. Strictly speaking, HTTPS is not a separate protocol, but refers to use of ordinary over an SSL/TLS connection.HTTPS encrypts all message contents, including the HTTP headers and the request/response data. With the exception of the possible cryptographic attack described in the section below, an attacker should only be able to discover that a connection is taking place between the two parties and their domain names and IP addresses.Server setup To prepare a web server to accept HTTPS connections, the administrator must create a for the web server. This certificate must be signed by a trusted for the web browser to accept it without warning. The authority certifies that the certificate holder is the operator of the web server that presents it.
Web browsers are generally distributed with a list of so that they can verify certificates signed by them.Acquiring certificates A number of commercial exist, offering paid-for SSL/TLS certificates of a number of types, including., launched in April 2016, provides free and automated service that delivers basic SSL/TLS certificates to websites. According to the, Let's Encrypt will make switching from HTTP to HTTPS 'as easy as issuing one command, or clicking one button.' The majority of web hosts and cloud providers now leverage Let's Encrypt, providing free certificates to their customers.Use as access control The system can also be used for client in order to limit access to a web server to authorized users. To do this, the site administrator typically creates a certificate for each user, a certificate that is loaded into their browser. Normally, that contains the name and e-mail address of the authorized user and is automatically checked by the server on each reconnect to verify the user's identity, potentially without even entering a password.In case of compromised secret (private) key. This section needs to be updated. In particular: Out of date.
Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( April 2019)An important property in this context is (PFS). Possessing one of the long-term asymmetric secret keys used to establish an HTTPS session should not make it easier to derive the short-term session key to then decrypt the conversation, even at a later time.
(DHE) and key exchange (ECDHE) are in 2013 the only ones known to have that property. In 2013, only 30% of Firefox, Opera, and Chromium Browser sessions used it, and nearly 0% of Apple's and sessions. TLS 1.3, published in August 2018, dropped support for ciphers without forward secrecy. As of February 2019, 96.6% of web servers surveyed support some form of forward secrecy, and 52.1% will use forward secrecy with most browsers.A certificate may be revoked before it expires, for example because the secrecy of the private key has been compromised.
Newer versions of popular browsers such as, and on implement the (OCSP) to verify that this is not the case. The browser sends the certificate's serial number to the certificate authority or its delegate via OCSP and the authority responds, telling the browser whether the certificate is still valid. Limitations SSL and TLS encryption can be configured in two modes: simple and mutual. In simple mode, authentication is only performed by the server. The mutual version requires the user to install a personal in the web browser for user authentication.
In either case, the level of protection depends on the correctness of the of software and the in use.SSL/TLS does not prevent the indexing of the site by a, and in some cases the of the encrypted resource can be inferred by knowing only the intercepted request/response size. This allows an attacker to have access to the (the publicly available static content), and the (the encrypted version of the static content), permitting a.Because operates at a protocol level below that of HTTP, and has no knowledge of the higher-level protocols, TLS servers can only strictly present one certificate for a particular address and port combination.
In the past, this meant that it was not feasible to use with HTTPS. A solution called (SNI) exists, which sends the hostname to the server before encrypting the connection, although many old browsers do not support this extension. Support for SNI is available since 2, 8, Safari 2.1, Google Chrome 6, and on.From an architectural point of view:. An SSL/TLS connection is managed by the first front machine that initiates the TLS connection. If, for any reasons (routing, traffic optimization, etc.), this front machine is not the application server and it has to decipher data, solutions have to be found to propagate user authentication information or certificate to the application server, which needs to know who is going to be connected. For SSL/TLS with mutual authentication, the SSL/TLS session is managed by the first server that initiates the connection. In situations where encryption has to be propagated along chained servers, session timeOut management becomes extremely tricky to implement.
With mutual SSL/TLS, security is maximal, but on the client-side, there is no way to properly end the SSL/TLS connection and disconnect the user except by waiting for the server session to expire or closing all related client applications.A sophisticated type of called SSL stripping was presented at the Conference 2009. This type of attack defeats the security provided by HTTPS by changing the https: link into an http: link, taking advantage of the fact that few Internet users actually type 'https' into their browser interface: they get to a secure site by clicking on a link, and thus are fooled into thinking that they are using HTTPS when in fact they are using HTTP. The attacker then communicates in clear with the client. This prompted the development of a countermeasure in HTTP called.HTTPS has been shown vulnerable to a range of attacks.
Traffic analysis attacks are a type of that relies on variations in the timing and size of traffic in order to infer properties about the encrypted traffic itself. Traffic analysis is possible because SSL/TLS encryption changes the contents of traffic, but has minimal impact on the size and timing of traffic. In May 2010, a research paper by researchers from and discovered that detailed sensitive user data can be inferred from side channels such as packet sizes. More specifically, the researchers found that an eavesdropper can infer the illnesses/medications/surgeries of the user, his/her family income and investment secrets, despite HTTPS protection in several high-profile, top-of-the-line web applications in healthcare, taxation, investment and web search. Although this work demonstrated vulnerability of HTTPS to traffic analysis, the approach presented by the authors required manual analysis and focused specifically on web applications protected by HTTPS.The fact that most modern websites, including Google, Yahoo!, and Amazon, use HTTPS causes problems for many users trying to access public Wi-Fi hot spots, because a Wi-Fi hot spot login page fails to load if the user tries to open an HTTPS resource.
Several websites, such as or, guarantee that they will always remain accessible by HTTP. History created HTTPS in 1994 for its web browser. Originally, HTTPS was used with the protocol. As SSL evolved into (TLS), HTTPS was formally specified by in May 2000. Google announced in February 2018 that its Chrome browser would mark HTTP sites as 'Not Secure' after July 2018. This move was to encourage website owners to implement HTTPS, as an effort to secure the internet.See also. – a secret anti-encryption program run by the US.References.
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